One of the most important decisions that arises when changing jobs is what to do with the money in your 401(k). Making the wrong move could cost you thousands in taxes and lower returns.
Let”™s say you put in five years at your current job. For most of those years, you”™ve had the company take a set percentage of your pretax salary and put it into your 401(k) plan. Now that you”™re leaving, what should you do?
You should resist the temptation to cash out. If you decide to have your distribution paid to you, the plan administrator will withhold 20% of your total for federal income taxes, so if you had $100,000 in your account and wanted to cash it out, you”™re already down to $80,000.
Furthermore, if you”™re younger than 59½, you”™ll face a 10% penalty for early withdrawal come tax time. Now you”™re down another 10% from the top line to $70,000.
If you separate from service during or after the year you reach age 55 (age 50 for public safety employees of a state, or political subdivision of a state, in a governmental defined benefit plan), there is an exception to the 10% early withdrawal tax penalty. This applies to 401(k) plans only; IRA, SEP, SIMPLE IRA, and SARSEP plans do not qualify for the exception.
In addition, because distributions are taxed as ordinary income, at the end of the year you”™ll have to pay the difference between your tax bracket and the 20% already taken out. For example, if you”™re in the 32% tax bracket, you”™ll still owe 12%, or $12,000. This lowers the amount of your cash distribution to $58,000.
But that”™s not all. You also might have to pay state and local taxes. Between taxes and penalties, you could end up with little over half of what you had saved up, short-changing your retirement savings significantly.
The Alternative Approach
If your new job offers a retirement plan, the easiest course of action is to roll your account into the new plan before the 60-day period ends. This is known as a “rollover” and is relatively painless to do. Contact the 401(k) plan administrator at your previous job who should have all of the forms you need.
The best way to roll funds over from an old 401(k) plan to a new one is to use a direct transfer. With the direct transfer, you never receive a check, you avoid all of the taxes and penalties mentioned above, and your savings will continue to grow tax-deferred until you retire.
A word of caution: Many employers require that you work a minimum period of time before you can participate in a 401(k). If that is the case, one solution is to keep your money in your former employer”™s 401(k) plan until the new one is available. Then you can roll it over into the new plan. Most plans let former employees leave their assets for several months in the old plan.
If you have your former employer make the distribution check out to you, the Internal Revenue Service considers this a cash distribution. Your check will have 20% taken out automatically from your vested amount for federal income tax.
But don”™t panic. You have 60 days to roll over the lump sum (including the 20%) to your new employer”™s plan or into a rollover individual retirement account (IRA). Then you won”™t owe the additional taxes or the 10% early withdrawal penalty.
If you”™re not happy with the fund choices your new employer offers, you might opt for a rollover IRA instead. You can then choose from hundreds of funds and have more control over your money. But again, to avoid the withholding hassle, use direct rollovers.
If your vested account balance in your 401(k) is more than $5,000, you can usually leave it with your former employer”™s retirement plan. Your lump sum will keep growing tax-deferred until you retire.
However, if you can”™t leave the money in your former employer”™s 401(k) and your new job doesn”™t have a 401(k), your best bet is a direct rollover into an IRA. The same applies if you”™ve decided to go into business for yourself.
Once you turn 59½, you can begin withdrawals from your IRA without penalty, and your withdrawals are taxed as ordinary income. The IRS “Rule of 55” allows you to withdraw funds from your 401(k) or 403(b) without a penalty at age 55 or older.
With both a 401(k) and an IRA, you must begin taking required minimum distributions when you reach age 72, whether you”™re working or not.
This column is for information only and should not be taken as advice. Consider the assistance of an experienced professional in addressing your financial issues.
Norman G. Grill is managing partner of Grill & Partners LLC certified public accountants and consultants to closely held companies and high-net-worth individuals, with offices in Fairfield and Darien.
